Media Studies Video Games - 1360 Words

Media Studies Essay - AS91254 Violence in Video Games In recent years there have been plenty of cases of music, people, games, etc, being used as scapegoats so authorities can jump to conclusions about violent events and blame these as the main reason for such an event to take place. To give people an answer that may not even have any supporting evidence. Nowadays violence in video games is up to the level of killing people as the norm with many popular titles having this apart of the game. In many games that is the one of the main features that add together to create the game. Some game titles that include violence and killing are ‘Call of Duty,’ ‘Halo,’ ‘Grand Theft Auto,’ ‘Mass Effect,’ ‘Battlefield,’ ‘Counterstrike: Global Offensive,’ and ‘Doom.’ All of these games main storylines include the need to attack and kill to progress forward (Mainly with guns). But does this create a bad effect on people? Is this making people more likely to be viol ent? Even kill in real life? This is the particular ethical issue that violence in video games is having. The argument to prove if video games are really a cause of anger and if they cause a more aggressive and again violent person just by playing. In the world there are over 1.2 billion people that play video games, which is about 44% of the online population (comScore data cited by Spil Games). With majority of games including some form of violence, ranging from being very gentle lego fights to full on gore and guts in 18+Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Violent Video Games On Children And Adolescents Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the hottest issues in the media in the past decade is violence in video games and how violent video games influence aggressive and violent behavior in children and adolescents. Some psychologists believe violent video games influence violent behavior in children through social learning and modeling behaviors after characters in video games that â €Å"glorify† violence and criminals (Schultz Schultz, 2013, p. 331). Other psychologists argue that other factors, such as poor socioeconomic statusRead MoreThe Effects Of Video Games On Violent Behavior Among Young Children1525 Words   |  7 Pages The Effects of Video games on Violent Behavior among Young Children Julian A. Jaggon University of Central Florida The Effect of Video games on Violent Behavior among Young Children Just how popular are videogames? In today’s society very popular, not only do our kids and teenagers play video games but even grown men and women play them as well. Video games are now more popular than watching television or going to the movies. According to Center forRead MoreEssay on Video Games and Violence1481 Words   |  6 Pagescan express to in most of these cases they are entertainment media like video games. Now I know there are some who would disagree that video games have nothing to with this about this topic. However as this paper goes deeper in this issue we can finally find out whether video games had influence regardless how powerful it is on gun violence. Throughout this paper we research what type of behavioral and psychological effect video games especially those very heavy gun violence in them, and what weRead MoreViolent Media And Its Impact On Aggression1544 Words   |  7 PagesViolent Media and Its Impact On Aggression In Adolescence In recent trends, adolescents in the United States are now experiencing an explosive rise in the usage of technology. There have been many technological advances since the 20th century such as the invention of the Internet, cellular devices, and other screens. However, the new generation of adolescents in America; the â€Å"millennials,† are the ones living through and experiencing this new economy and lifestyle. Millennials and many other youngRead MoreVideo Games And Violent Violence1345 Words   |  6 PagesOn television, iPads, cell phones, and even specially made devices for babies and children. Video games are interwoven with our daily lives. For many, it is just an innocent way to relax or enjoy themselves. For others, it has become an addiction in which they cannot escape. Not all video games are violent, but what about those that are? Does society have an obligation to monitor every type of video game children and adults play simply because they believe it may lead to acts of violence? PsychologistsRead MoreSeparating Violence : Reality And Video Games1368 Words   |  6 PagesJonathan Weinberger 9/22/2014 Separating Violence in Reality and Video Games Children play. The manner in which children have played has frequently changed throughout the years. There was a time where sticks or index fingers were used to symbolize guns or bows in order for children to play â€Å"cowboys and Indians.† Later, the same mechanisms were used as children would play â€Å"cops and robbers.† Children mimic what they see in reality when it is time to play. However, children are not known to mimic whatRead MoreDo You Think Violent Video Game Exposure Effect The Behavior Of Children?1244 Words   |  5 PagesDo you think violent video game exposure effect the behavior of children? Introduction Studies show that exposure to violent video games affects the behavior of children.Some have vandalized, beat someone up, took part in bullying someone.As many as 97% of US kids age 12-17 play video games, contributing to the $21.53 billion domestic video game industry. More than half of the 50 top-selling video games contain violence. Violent video games have been blamed for school shootings, increases in bullyingRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On The Media1550 Words   |  7 Pageseffect of violence in the media is a big controversy; some say it affects are society and others say that there is not any proof of this. There are many theories on how violence in media does, and how it does not, affect our society. Many people claim watching television or even playing video games will affect children’s or young adults’ minds. Researches claim that they found no evidence of change in aggressiveness in children or young adults while playing video games. Researchers allowed childrenRead MoreMultimedia Violence : A Grave Threat Of Teens Of The New Generation. Craig A. Anderson1585 Words   |  7 Pageseminent director of the Center for the Study of Violence at Iowa State University, commented on multimedia violence saying, â€Å"Exposing children and adolescents (or ‘youth’) to violent visual media increases the likelihood that they will engage in physical aggression against another person. By ‘physical aggression’ we mean behavior that is intended to harm another person physically, such as hitting with a fist or some object. A single brief exposure to violent media can increase aggression in the immediateRead MoreThe Effects of Violent Video Games on the Young1575 Words   |  6 Pageslike the bad reputation rock and roll music received in the 1950’s, violent video games have been questioned and looked down upon as a newer form of influential media. Violent video games have been blamed for bullyin g, school shootings, increasing rape, and increasing the amount of women being abused. Despite the popular belief that video games can be very harmful to a child’s mind and cause violent behavior, video games don’t cause as much psychological damage to children as people have been trying

Mcdonalds Corporate Identity Free Essays

Corporate identity is the most significant element to create and strengthen a company’s industrial presence among the competitors. Corporate identity helps a company to establish a name in the consumer’s mind and communicate its image to the target group from the shortest way. While exposing the positive sides among the competitors, it presents the first sights about the qualifications like quality, trust and stability. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds Corporate Identity or any similar topic only for you Order Now If an organization is ruled by the principles rather than the managers or in other words if the principles remain unchanged although the managers are replaced and if that particular organization has qualifications and standards which separates it from the others than we can conclude that organization is a corporation. Corporations do not really need very strong managers. A manager’s success in a corporation is measured by his ability to apply and adapt the existing principles. Main idea behind a corporate identity program is to explain the organization itself and its purpose explicitly in all the business done. Recent surveys indicated that average human brain is only capable of dealing with seven different units at most at the same time and also ranking them according to the priorities. Companies are bombarding the consumers with advertisements in the daily life. For instance one thousand and two hundreds of advertisements are aired per day on a channel in Germany. Products with no name and no specific producer have almost no chance in an environment like this. Although consumers say that they are not affected bu the advertisements, they still prefer the brands they heard before or seen somewhere. They prefer the brands they recognize. How do the consumers recognize the brands? They are always facing the products but they do not have enough information about the producers. Because normally consumers do not have the opportunity to look around the production facilities, walk into the offices and get to know with the managers. The identity allows us to identify a particular object and separate it from the identical. If an organization has no identity than it is invisible to the consumers. First McDonald’s restaurant was opened in 1954 by Dick and Mac McDonald in California, San Bernardino. Now McDonald’s is the leading global food service retailer with more than 32,000 local restaurants serving more than 60 million people in 117 countries each day. McDonald’s is operated globally from the company headquarters in Oak Brook near Chicago. Again in Oak Brook, lots of restaurant owners and employees around the world are trained in the international education center called Hamburger University every year. More than 75% of McDonald’s restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent local men and women. [1] All the restaurants are operated either by the company or by franchisees. Controlled by the company and operated independently, distribution centers supply the products to all restaurants. Additionally, all the restaurant employees are trained in storage, handling and arrangement of products and in the delivery of customer service. Operating in 117 countries, McDonald’s has around 1. 7 million employees all around the world in more than 32. 000 restaurants according to the corporate website. Two-thirds of hourly paid staff are high-school graduates aged between 16 and 20. 90% of staff work for 35 hours per week or less. 2] McDonald’s offers a complete benefits package involving health protection, payment, rewards, opportunity to invest for the future to its employees. Although the company claims to offer nice conditions for the employees, recently some of the employes filed lawsuits against the company. One of them sued the company for weight gain and won. Employees are given video tapes designed to make the employee feel comfortable about th eir first days and give them basic information about McDonald’s. The tapes are considered unrealistic and cliche by the viewers. People all around the world prefer McDonald’s because of the standards put by the managers. McDonald’s standards was formed by Ray Kroc when he explored the way to create customer loyalty is by assuring quality, successful service and comprehensive cleaning. Since then all the moves to improve McDonald’s system is done according to the standards. That’s how McDonald’s is separated from the other restaurants. With the help of this standards McDonald’s create a corporate identity formed by productsservice, environment, information and behavior and thus ensures customer loyalty. The feeling styled by a powerful corporate identity creates a perception of belonging within the employees and flowing out to the customers it can increase customer loyalty. It also helps the company to deal with vendors and suppliers as well as employees since it explicitly communicates the values and purpose of the organization. Corporate identity is managed well by McDonald’s through its history. For instance, since the consumer group is changing McDonald’s changed its brand image targeting from children into adults to save the customer loyalty. Two years ago McDonald’s was at the top of â€Å"Brand Keys Customer Loyalty Engagement Index Rankings† in the fast food category. Although the company was not doing well in the rankings lately due to the rumors about the fast food, they have shown a great progress and ranked first in the list. [3] People all around the world prefer McDonald’s because of the standards put by the managers. McDonald’s standards was formed by Ray Kroc when he explored the way to create customer loyalty is by assuring quality, successful service and comprehensive cleaning. Since then all the moves to improve McDonald’s system is done according to the standards. That’s how McDonald’s is separated from the other restaurants. With the help of this standards McDonald’s create a corporate identity formed by products;service, environment, information and behavior and thus ensures customer loyalty. The feeling styled by a powerful corporate identity creates a perception of belonging within the employees and flowing out to the customers it can increase customer loyalty. It also helps the company to deal with vendors and suppliers as well as employees since it explicitly communicates the values and purpose of the organization. Corporate identity is managed well by McDonald’s through its history. For instance, since the consumer group is changing McDonald’s changed its brand image targeting from children into adults to save the customer loyalty. Two years ago McDonald’s was at the top of â€Å"Brand Keys Customer Loyalty Engagement Index Rankings† in the fast food category. Although the company was not doing well in the rankings lately due to the rumors about the fast food, they have shown a great progress and ranked first in the list. According to the recent studies while satisfied customer will tell four or five others about a pleasant experience, unsatisfied ones will tell seven to thirteen others about it. More important than that unhappy customers keep voicing their dissatisfaction for up to twenty-three years. [4] The most important issue about recovering a lost customer is to come to the realization that the company has made a mistake somewhere and there is a problem with customer satisfaction. There are only seldom cases when there is a misunderstanding regarding the issue and therefore it would be wiser to assume that the customer is right and demands attention. Thus, the personnel should be trained in such a way that he or she will do everything at his or her disposal to help the customer. In very few cases, an unsatisfied customer is the one who has received absolutely terrible service in regards to the product or the service itself. Most of the time however, a lost customer is not a customer who has been unsatisfied once but rather a customer who has been unsatisfied and also has been unsatisfied with the help he or she received regarding the issue. Thus, a professional intervention at the right time equals success in bringing the customer back and thus customer policy should be constructed around this philosophy. Mc Donald’s in this sense provides full responsibility for its products, the behavior of its employees and managers, the hygiene of its workplaces and most importantly the responsibility to help those who felt that their hard earned money has not bought enough service through whichever means possible. If a customer finds out that his or her burger has not been cooked well, McDonald’s employees know that they should replace it with a proper one. If the customer is irritated by an individual in the restaurant who poses a threat to others, the McDonald’s security knows how to handle the situation. If a customer is concerned about the hygiene of the kitchen, the manager knows how to convince the customer that the restaurant’s kitchen is up to universal hygiene standards. In other words, McDonald’s intends on pleasing its customers by convincing them that every service they get is superior and the employees are trained to prove it for the customer’s satisfaction. When a customer at a McDonald’s restaurant has a problem with any aspect of the service, he or she is not confronted with a negative attitude, an uncaring approach or a simple â€Å"Take it or leave it† mentality but rather finds a helpful employee looking forward for helping the McDonald’s customer. Thus, the McDonald’s employee training program is a very important part of the company’s appeal. McDonald’s not only picks its employees through an exclusive and selective process but also provides them with a training to make sure that they are provided with the skills to cope with possible emergent problems. In this sense, the company introduces its own policies, procedures and techniques in regards to the business itself but also puts its employees through a psychological training where they are posed with possible problematic scenarios and their responses are demanded. Instead of coming up with a â€Å"To-Do List† that every customer needs to follow, McDonald’s provides possible scenarios that require thinking and action on behalf of the employee. Of course, this does not mean that the company does not have a â€Å"To-Do List† or even maybe several of them but rather it means that it asks for its employees’ contribution in a troubled situation for perfection in service. http://www. aboutmcdonalds. com/mcd/our_company. html [2]http://www. bized. co. uk/compfact/mcdonalds/mc14. htm [3]http://www. brandweek. com/bw/news/recent_display. jsp? vnu_content_id=1003711787 [4]http://www. smartbiz. com/article/articleview/112/1/7/ How to cite Mcdonalds Corporate Identity, Papers

Causes of Child Abuse Essay Example For Students

Causes of Child Abuse Essay There are many causes on the various types of child abuse. Child abuse is when violence and cruelty occur against children. Eight percent of all children abused are emotionally maltreated. Sixteen percent are sexually abused. Twenty-seven percent are physically abused. Fifty-five percent of all children abused are neglected (Child Abuse 116). There are many types of abuse. Parental neglect or nutritional deprivation is the most common technique of abusing a child (Child Abuse 116). An example of this would be when a child is irregularly fed or kept in dirty clothes for a long period of time (Child Abuse 222). The second most common way of abusing a child is physical abuse (Child Abuse 116). Physical abuse is when a child is slapped, hit, kicked, shoved, or has objects thrown at them (Child Abuse 222). Another common way of abusing a child is sexual abuse (Child Abuse 116). Fondling, masturbation, intercourse, and pornography are a few of the things that are done to a child when they are abused sexually (Child Abuse 222). The last way to abuse a child is through emotional abuse (Child Abuse 116). When the abuser humiliates the child, reprimands them, or other acts that are carried out over time (Child Abuse 222). Certain situations increase the risk of child abuse. These problems cause stress and tension which is sometimes expressed in neglect or violence toward a child. Many adults that abuse their children were abused as kids themselves. The parents are immature, unstable, lonely, and feel unloved (Child Abuse 222). They repeat what was done to them uncontrollably in violent outbursts. The abusive parents are unaware of any other way of acting. They may think that beating a child is normal. Sometimes the parents might also think that their children deserve to be abused, just as they deserved it when they were younger ( Child Abuse: Opposing Viewpoints 108). This is one of the many Causes of Child Abuse Essay. Drug addiction also increases the chances of child abuse. The addiction to drugs makes parents less responsible. It also makes them more violent toward their children both physically and emotionally. All drug addicted parents attention is focused towards the drugs and as a result of that they pay less attention to their kids (Child Abuse 85-90). Poverty is also a cause of child abuse. The parents cant cope with the stress of poverty, which leaves the children to bear the brut of their parents frustration. Children living with a single parent or in poor families are at a higher risk of abuse. Economic and inter-personal factors act jointly in these families to create a situation of severe economic stress, hardship, and dependency (Child Abuse 91-95). Some societal values may perpetuate child abuse and neglect. The acceptance of violence as a way of life, and the conviction that parents have a right to treat children as they please is a part of this cause of abuse. Domestic abuse, or violence at home, has a major role in child abuse. The majority of battered women do not press charges, which increases the possibility that the abuse will escalate and include the child. The societys tolerance of violence especially towards children varies the percent of abused children in that community (Child Abuse 96-101). The last cause of child abuse is lack of community ties. Parents fear of strangers leads them to isolate themselves and their children. The isolation causes parents to feel alone. They also feel that they are unable to parent effectively. This increases the likelihood that these overburdened parents will abuse their children (Child Abuse: Opposing Viewpoints102). Also, the desire to avoid outside involvement in family life may influence the occurrence of child abuse and neglect (Child Abuse 99). Obviously, from reading this, there is now more awareness on the cruelty and violence aimed towards children. Hopefully, the information that was gained will help victims of past child abuse, stop future abuse. Emotional, physical, sexual abuse, and neglect are all caused by different things. Things such as drug addictions, lack of community ties, a violent society, poverty, and repetition of what was done to the abusers when they were kids cause child abuse. Police Corruption Essay Paper Though it was in short element the .

Obesity Essays - Obesity, Body Shape, Bariatrics, Human Weight

Obesity Obesity also called CORPULENCE, or FATNESS, excessive accumulation of body fat, usually caused by the consumption of more calories than the body can use. The excess calories are then stored as fat, or adipose tissue. Overweight, if moderate, is not necessarily obesity, particularly in muscular or large-boned individuals. In general, however, a body weight 20 percent or more over the optimum tends to be associated with obesity. The body's ability to adjust food intake to body needs can be disturbed by numerous factors. Of these, hormone imbalances and glandular defects are believed to be of least importance, being demonstrable in only bout 5 percent of all obese individuals. Although obesity may be familial, suggestive of a genetic predisposition to fat accumulation, there is also evidence that early feeding patterns imposed by the obese mother upon her offspring may play a major role in a cultural, rather than genetic, transmission of obesity from one generation to the next. More generally, the distinctive way of life of a nation and the individual's behavioral and emotional reaction to it may contribute significantly to widespread obesity. Among the affluent populations, an abundant supply of readily available high-calorie foods and beverages, coupled with increasingly sedentary living habits that markedly reduce caloric needs, can easily lead to overeating. The stresses and tensions of modern liv! ing also cause some individuals to turn to foods and alcoholic drinks for "relief." Obesity may be undesirable from an aesthetic sense, especially in parts of the world where slimness is the popular preference; it is also a serious medical problem. Generally, obese persons have a shorter life expectancy; they suffer earlier, more often, and more severely from a large number of diseases than do their normal-weight counterparts. They are also more likely to die prematurely of degenerative diseases of the heart, arteries, and kidneys. More die of accidents and diabetes, and more constitute poor surgical risks than persons with normal weight. Mental health is also affected; behavioral consequences of an obese appearance, ranging from shyness and withdrawal to overly bold elf- assertion, may be rooted in neuroses and psychoses. The treatment of obesity has two main objectives: removal of the causative factors, which may be difficult if the causes are of emotional or psychological origin; and removal of surplus fat by reducing food intake. Return to normal body weight by reducing calorie intake is best done under medical supervision. Dietary fads and reducing diets that produce quick results without effort are of doubtful effectiveness in reducing body weight and keeping it down, and most are actually deleterious to health. (See dieting.) Obesity is to be distinguished from overweight caused by edema (excess retention of fluids) stemming from various diseases.

Motives For Exploration essays

Motives For Exploration essays Until the late 1400's, Europeans did not know the existence of the two American continents ( North and South America ). To the European explorers, exploring the other side of the Atlantic was like exploring an entire different world, hence the name- the New World. In 1492, Christopher Columbus unknowingly discovered the new continent. His original motives for exploring was to find an easier route to Asia but instead, he discovered the New World. Thus; Spain, France and England began sending out conquistadors and explorers to the uncharted terrains of the new continent. Motives for the Spanish, French, and English explorers varied greatly, however, they were similar in some ways. The motives of the Spanish explorers were acquisition of mineral wealth, spread of Christianity, search of El Dorado, search of Northwestern Passage, and thrill of adventure. The treasures that Columbus brought back to Spain enticed many adventurous explorers and sent them searching for gold and silver. Missionary clergymen sought to serve God by converting the natives to Christianity. By 1634, the area of present-day Florida and Georgia was home to 30 Spanish missionaries, 44 missionary stations, and 30,000 Indian converts to Catholicism. Within a few decades, Spanish explorers became familiar with the northern coast of South America, the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic shore of North America, the Isthmus of Panama, the Gulf of Mexico and conclusively- the general outlines of the New World. Despite their knowledge, the Spanish persisted in searching for a Northwest Passage. Some individuals were attempting to escape from religious, political, economic oppression and the seemingly endless number of wars in Europe. The New World offered ownership of land and thrill of adventure. During the 16th century, a great deal of exploring was spent on searching for the fabled El Dorado,' which is defined as a place of vast riches or ...

An Analysis Of Education History Education Essay

An Analysis Of Education History Education Essay Introduction The analysis of education history in any system involves many concepts such as renaissance, reformation and Counter Reformation. Such concepts significantly affect educational with regard to systems, content, teachers and curriculum amongst many other aspects. In Kenya, the British colonialists introduced the first system of education. The formation of Ominde commission after independence saw the introduction of many changes in the educational system (Bogonko, 1992). At that time, issues of unity and identity were very critical and the authority largely focused on them. Following this, subject content changes were made in fields of geography and history to reflect aspects of national cohesion. A common curriculum for all schools was adopted between 1964 and 1985 involving a 7-4-2-3 system. This system involved seven years for primary education, four years for lower secondary, two years for upper secondary and three years for university education. In 1981, there were eff orts to reform the entire educations system through the Presidential working party commission. The committee tabled recommendations on changing the educational system from the 7-4-2-3 to the structure of 8-4-4 (Sifuna & Otiende, 2006). In 1985, the new system was launched that put more emphasis on subjects considered as vocational. The new structure would theoretically enable school leavers at varied levels to be self-employed or acquire informal sector employment. According to Sifuna & Otiende (2006), a detailed development of educational theory through the ages is presented. With vested interest in African education context, this book highlights the plight of education in Kenya through the ages to the 8-4-4 system. The credibility of this text is guaranteed by its diversity in approach with reference to African Islamic education. It is inevitable that African education has its roots in the western world hence Sifuna & Otiende included the history of western education in this book. Educational significance of concepts Renaissance concept. This concept involves the activity of educational and cultural reform spearheaded by writers, scholars and civic leaders. Such pioneers in the history of education are as of today referred to as humanists. The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries saw the development of this concept because of the challenges brought forth by the mediaeval scholastic education. This activity emphasized on scientific, practical and pre-professional studies as a response to the inherent challenges. Under the scholasticism, men were prepared to become lawyers, doctors and professional theologians through approved textbooks (Court & Kinyanjui, 1980). On the other hand, to change from training professionals in strict practice and jargon, the humanists emphasized on a citizenry creation hence enabling people to write and speak with clarity and eloquence. In addition, these professionals were capable of better engaging their communities’ civic l ife and hence persuading people to prudent and virtuous actions. The renaissance concept in education which is also known as the learning re-birth started in the 14th century in Europe and reached its peak in the 15th century. Humanist educators designed and formulated teaching methods for the education system that would prepare liberal and well-rounded persons. The educational renaissance in England saw the improvement of women’s educational opportunities especially for those women from upper classes. The renaissance concept in Kenya’s educational system can be explained through the analysis of the history of education. Prior to the gaining of independence in Kenya, there were three divisions in the education system with schools for Asians, whites and Africans. In such a system, there was segregation in that, whites attended the best schools, the middle class schools were reserved for Asians especially Indians and Africans attended the lower class schools (Sifuna & Ot iende, 2006).

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management - Essay Example The company should use the generic strategies to achieve competitive advantage. These generic strategies include; differentiation, focus and cost leadership. Cost leadership strategy strongly emphasizes on working towards a goal of producing low priced products. Many people would be attracted to companies that offer lower prices for their services and products. For example, South West airlines have used this strategy, and the profits have grown immensely through application of cost leadership strategy. Differentiation strategy emphasizes on production of unique products and services that are better than their competitors and are valued more by customers. For a company that wants to make great changes, differentiations of their products is very important. Focus strategy means developing a certain market target. A focused strategy targets market segments which are less vulnerable to any substitutes or in situations where competition is weakest. This will enable a company to attain comp etitive advantage. For a business that is undergoing large change, marketing strategy implementation is also very important. A company may be undergoing a change like change of product, change of process; change of location change of product composition etc. customers may not be aware of these changes and may become reluctant to buy their products (Paley, 2006 pp.21). These changes may have a negative impact on the company if they do not follow well defined strategies. The initial purposes for change which in most cases are done with an aim of increasing profit may not be met if they are not well advertised. For example; a company may decide to change their products. When these products get to the market customers who are not aware of them may be reluctant to buy. Buyers have to be made aware of the products through good marketing strategy. They need to be made aware of the benefits of using the products. Advertisement is a good marketing strategy in the business set up undergoing m assive change. Appealing means of capturing people to buy your product cannot be under weighed (Foxall, 2005).The advertisements should be made in such a way that it targets many people. For example; advertising in popular television and radio programs can capture millions of people. Similarly, advertisements can be done by use of large and attractive billboards in busy streets. For example; using a popular celebrity in your advertisement billboards can attract more attention. Good marketing strategy should be based on well developed ideas and well budgeted. It would require a good sum of money especially if large commercial advertisements have to be done. It should also ensure that the targeted population is reached. For example; a product that targets youth should have marketing strategies that adequately draw their attention more. Strategic management theory Strategic management is the approach and the process of pointing out the objectives of an organization and implementing pol icies that will ensure achievement of these objectives. In broad term, it can be seen as a combination of the formulation, implementation and evaluation of the strategy. Management theory provides a framework for knowledge organization. It also provides blueprint for actions that can guide organizations in achieving their objectives (Parnell, 2004 pp.34). Many managers rely on these contributions that were made by past industrialists.

Sophists and Socrates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sophists and Socrates - Essay Example Protagoras' law - the person is a measure of all things - better than anything characterizes the changes in people's interests. New issues have been first of all appeared in the minds of persons, which acted mainly in Athens as teachers of all sciences and arts, which are required for active participation in public life, in the minds of sophists. The last are already not independent thinkers separated from each other, trying to understand the world and its development. They represent a new estate, which being engaged in training to eloquence and using logic arguments as arts, naturally in this business was supervised not with a pure aspiration to get the truth, but aspiration to shine and win in verbal dispute. Characteristic for this philosophy, dictated to sophists by conditions surrounding them and their position in life, are empiric-skeptical (with respect to questions of theoretical value) and utilitarian-egoistical (with respect to questions of practical actions) points of view . The content and volume of our knowledge are entirely defined by our own sensual perceptions. Such perceptions, being subjectively changeable, cannot make valid knowledge at all. Also our activity is always defined by minute needs. Therefore truth is what seems true to an individual; everything is good that serves a person's benefit. Against this doctrine of sophists acts Socrates. Being engaged in training not as a favorable employment favorable, but similarly to thinkers of previous time, investigating questions on sense and value of things from pure aspiration to knowledge and collecting around him pupils by means of excitation a free interest to these questions, he first of all has entered struggle against the egoistic-utilitarian tendency of sophists, as completely harmful. But certainly Socrates also was a person of his time. A person for him, as well as for sophists, a measure of things, and at discussion of separate questions of practical life, he also recognizes natural motives following from individual interests. But for his world outlook are characteristic not these private interests, but organic laws, which he considers significant for all human acts, and owing to which the specified concrete reasons of utility get other meaning. The contrast between Socrates and sophists lays not in the fact that So crates does not consider utility as a motive for acts: human will by its nature already is directed to some purpose, and this purpose, as well to Socrates opinion, not concerning whether it is useful to others, in any case, it is useful to the acting person, as this person aspires to its realization.One of the basic distinctions of Socrates from sophists consists in the fact that as a criterion at an estimation of people's acts for Socrates serves the question, by what motives is defined the decision made by an individual answering the question what is useful and that is harmful. Under the theory of sophists these motives, as well as human knowledge, are subjectively changeable; their scale is a individual desire and consequently in the general, is just a time egoistical benefit. As opposed to it, Socrates proclaims, that there is some objective knowledge, and

Accounting-Financial Statements Essay Example for Free

Accounting-Financial Statements Essay Introduces the four financial statementsIncome Statement, Statement of Retained Earnings, Balance Sheet, and Statement of Cash Flows. Accounting as the language of business is discussed along with an introduction of the various users of accounting information. Financial and Managerial accounting are compared. The four ways to organize a business – proprietorship, partnership, limited – liability company, and corporation, are discussed. An introduction and contrast of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is done. The Entity Assumption, Continuity (Going Concern) Assumption, Historical Cost Principle, and Stable – Monetary – Unit Assumption are explained. The accounting equation – Assets = Liabilities + Stockholder’s Equity is presented along with definitions and explanations of each component of the equation. A detail presentation of each of the four previously mentioned financial statements is given. Each account classification of the financial statements – assets, liabilities, stockholder’s equity, revenue, and expenses are thoroughly explained and examples of common account titles used are given. The process of evaluating a company through the use of the financial statements is shown. A discussion of business ethics in accounting decisions is done. An end of chapter summary problem emphasizes the preparation as well as understanding of the financial statements. An accounting vocabulary section explains all the new accounting terms. The End of Chapter Access Your Progress allows the student to determine how well he grasped the information presented in the chapter. Traditional exercises and problems solidify the student’s understanding of the material. Teaching Outline . Define a. Financial Accounting b. Managerial Accounting c. Contrast Financial and Managerial Accounting 2. Describe the users of financial information: a. Individuals b. Business Managers c. Investors d. Creditors e. Government Regulatory Agencies f. Taxing Authorities g. Nonprofit Organizations h. Other Organizations 3. Explain a. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) i. Generally Accepted Account ing Principles (GAAP) b. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) i. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) c. Compare GAAP and IFRS 4. Define and discuss Accounting Principles, Assumptions and Concepts a. Entity Assumption b. Continuity (Going Concern) Assumption c. Historical Cost Principle d. Stable Monetary Unit Assumption 5. Introduce the Accounting Equation a. Define and discuss common account titles: i. Assets ii. Liabilities iii. Stockholder’s Equity b. Define and discuss common account titles; i. Revenue ii. Expense iii. Retained Earnings c. Discuss Paid in Capital and Dividends 6. Explain and Prepare the Financial Statements a. Income Statement b. Statements of Retained Earnings c. Balance Sheet d. Statement of Cash Flows 7. Use Financial Statements to evaluate business performance a. Explain the relationship among the financial statements 8. Ethics in Business and Accounting Decisions a. The role of judgment in making decisions b. Economic factors c. Legal factors d. Ethical factors Key Topics The financial statements are actually reports on how well or poorly a business performed during a specified period of time. Chapter one actually presents the four basic financial statements and other relevant information that is needed to adequately prepare the financial statements. First one must understand that the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) develops the rules and guidelines in the United States that must be adhered to in preparing the financial statements. These guidelines are known as the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) develops the international financial reporting standards (IFRS) which are the international or global standards. Exhibit 1-3 gives an overview of the joint conceptual framework of accounting developed by the FASB and the IASB. However, the SEC announced that it will soon require all American companies to adopt the IFRS. This adoption is currently slated to begin the initial phase in 2014 with all companies on board by 2016. The adoption of the IFRS by all American companies will facilitate the process of comparing financial statements of like industries globally. Also, it will eliminate the need of many companies to prepare several sets of financial statements. Accounting is often labeled as the language of business and there are external as well as internal users of accounting information. Individuals, investors and creditors, regulatory bodies as well as nonprofit organizations are just some of the noted users of the accounting information. The accounting information is expected to be accurate as well as timely in order to satisfy the need of the users. There are two different types of accounting that is needed by the users. They are Financial Accounting and Managerial Accounting. Financial Accounting primarily provides information to the external users and managerial primarily serves the internal users. This information is used in each and every type of business organization. There is the sole proprietorship, partnership, limited liability company, and the corporation. Each of these businesses differs as far as the form of ownership and other accounting details however, each is dependent on accurate and timely information in order to operate at the optimum level. There are some key accounting principles, assumptions, and concepts used in adequately preparing the accounting records. The first one discussed in this chapter is the assumption entity. This is the underlying assumption, which can be taken by the users of the financial statements, that a business is a separate economic entity. Each business is treated as a separate and distinct entity to enable the accountant to adequately measure the financial performance of the business. The Continuity (Going Concern) Assumption is also discussed here. This is the assumption that the business will continue to exist long enough to use the existing assets for their intended purpose. If the business does intend to continue to operate and employ the assets as intended, it does not have to be disclosed in the financial statements. However, if there is an intention not to continue to operate it must be disclosed somewhere in the financial statements. The Historical Cost Principle is presented such that one will understand that actual cost is used as the valuing system for all accounting transactions. Actual cost is verifiable as well as unbiased and therefore used to insure that the accounting records are prepared in a relevant as well as reliable manner. The Stable Monetary Unit Assumption is also presented in this chapter. This is the assumption that the purchase power of a dollar does not fluctuate. That is, one can purchase the same amount with a dollar today that he/she could a year ago. This assumption allows the accountant to ignore inflation and add or subtract dollars from varying years without adjusting for inflation. This is sometimes difficult for students to understand because they have seen inflation as well as lagging economies however, the professor can assure the student that if needed there is a system developed to reliably compare statements from varying years. That system, however, is taught in upper level accounting courses. After developing an understanding of this material the student is then introduced to the Accounting Equation. That is: Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity. It is imperative that the student understand the importance that this equation plays in preparing the financial statements. This equation presents the resources of a company as well as the claims on those resources. One must also note that this equation must be kept in balance at all times. Assets are presented as economic resources of the entity that are expected to be of future benefit. These resources have two types of claims against them: liabilities – outside claims and owners’ equity – insider claims. See exhibit 1-4 to help present the fact that the two sides must equal. The influence on stockholders’ equity by, paid-in capital, and retained earnings must be explained. Also, the manner in which revenue, expenses and dividends effect retained earnings should be explained. Remember to stress that dividends do not affect net income. They are not subtracted from revenue to determine the net income. Rather, they are subtracted from retained earnings. The financial statements are now to be presented. The Income Statement is the also referred to as the statement of operations because it measures the operating performance. It reports the revenues earned as well as the expenses incurred during a specified period of time. The expenses are subtracted from the revenue to determine the net income/loss for the accounting period. Net income is said to be the single most important item in the financial statements. The Statement of Retained Earnings is prepared after the Income Statement because the net income/loss from the Income Statement is needed to prepare the Statement of Retained Earnings. Retained earnings are simply the portion of the net income that the company has kept in the business. The Statement of Retained Earnings shows the changes that occurred in the retained earnings during the accounting period. Be sure to note that the net income is added to the beginning retained earning balance and the dividends are subtracted in order to determine the ending retained earnings balance. The Balance Sheet is prepared after the Statement of Retained Earnings because the ending retained earnings balance is needed to prepare the Balance Sheet. Statement of Financial Position is another name given to the Balance Sheet because it actually measures the financial position of a company. This statement reports on the assets, liabilities, and stockholders’ equity of a company. A good way to help the students understand the information given by the Balance Sheet is to tell them that it gives a quick snapshot view of the financial status of the company on one day. That day is generally the end of the accounting period. The sum of the assets is expected to equal the sum of the liabilities and the stockholders’ equity. See exhibit 1-9. The Statement of Cash Flow measures the cash receipts and payments. This statement reports on cash flows from three major activities: operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. The net increase/decrease in cash from these three activities is then determined and added to the beginning cash balance to get the ending cash balance. In the financial statement conclusions it is important make sure the students know the purpose of each financial statement. It is also important that the students know the order of preparation as well as the formulas for each financial statement. Good business requires decision making, which in turn requires the exercise of good judgment. Making good judgments in business in general and accounting in particular should take into account not only economic, but legal and ethical dimensions as well. The last section of the chapter presents an ethical decision making model that is used consistently throughout the rest of the book. Use of the model emphasizes that good decisions are not always based just on the basis of how much money a company can make immediately.

The Uncertain Future of Quebec Culture :: Canadian Culture Essays

The Uncertain Future of Quebec Culture Gaetan Tremblay, a professor of communications at the University of Quebec at Montreal and deputy manager of the Group of research on cultural industries and social computerization (GRICIS), is a leading researcher for public policies in the field of communications. Tremblay is an advocate of public policy that defends against cultural imperialism by countries such as the United States . In particular, Tremblay studies the effects of the media on culture in Canada especially in a province like Quebec which is distinct from the rest of English Canada. Tremblay's article on the Americanization of Quebec culture is slightly more than a decade old, yet most of the information he provides is still relevant today. In his article, Tremblay takes a look at the invasion of Quebec 's airwaves by American content. His title refers to a belief in his mind that the Quebecois culture will one day be integrated into that of America , which in turn will lead to Quebec throwing itself into the melting pot of American culture. The first part of the article concerns policy, the never ending promotion of identity by the Quebecois. Tremblay calls for an all out communications policy that would protect Quebec . He goes on to contend that a policy is not only useful, but that it has becomes more necessary with each passing day. However, Tremblay has ignored the fact that Quebec culture is already protected in part by the Canadian constitution. From the beginning, the Canadian federation has provided guarantees, for the Quebec language and culture. â€Å"The Constitution Act, 1867 contained specific provisions designed to protect Quebec 's distinct culture and language† (Nicholson, 2003) Canada has always given guarantees to protect the Quebec culture, a policy would be nice but it is not an absolute must have as he portrays. Tremblay then moves on to say, that U.S Department of Commerce would like to deregulate the communications industry and how horrible this would be for Canada . He points out that onc e this happens the U.S will pressure Canada to do the same. Yet, he seems to forget that Canada is a sovereign nation that does not have to give in to U.S pressure. Canada sets its own policies without being influenced by others. It has and will always be this way. Quebec is already officially recognized as distinct, it is entrenched in the constitution.

Rh Bill & Malthusian Theory Essay

In 2011, we have now seven billion people living in this planet. Unfortunately, Earth’s estimated carrying capacity is only about eleven to twelve billion people. With such a big problem we are facing today, it is important to analyze and examine what the scholars of the past have to say of our increasing population. One of the famous population theorists of that time is Thomas Malthus. In 1798, Malthus proposes his own theory about population. According to him, human populations grow exponentially while food production grows at an arithmetic rate. Thus, if the increase in our population is not controlled properly, then the number of the people would increase faster than the food supply. He stated that if this growth rate is allowed to continue, it would lead to a food shortage. To solve this problem, he proposed three solutions. The first one is positive check. This method increases death rates due to wars, famines, disease, and natural disasters. Preventive or negative check is the other one. It lowers the birth rate which is accomplished through abortion, birth control, and celibacy. The last one is moral restraint which is refraining from marriage until the time when a person is capable of supporting a family. This two hundred-year-old theory is now happening these days. It predicted the problems of food shortage that the world is experiencing today because of the uncontrolled increase in population. Still, I cannot fully agree with Malthus because there are things that he forgot to take into consideration when he formulated this theory. One is the ability of man to increase the food production as stated by Marx. He failed to recognize man’s ability to use science and technology to solve these population problems like the possible developments in agricultural technology which can increases the supply of food. Maybe during that time, science is making a slow progress that he assume we cannot remedy these problems. Another one is the use of birth control as a way of reducing population. He believed that having only few kids is the only way to stop or control the increasing growth rate. Moreover, he confused the desire for sexual relationships with the desire to have children. He didn’t realize that a person can still engage in a sexual relationship and still don’t have a child with the help of contraceptives. Although Malthus’ theory has some loopholes, the essentials of the theory have not yet been demolished. There are some assumptions that turned out to be true. RH bill The reproductive health bill which is now a law is the most controversial bill in the Philippines for decades which date back to 1967. The bill is composed of topics which deal with issues about family planning, maternal and child health, and reproductive and sexual conditions. Its main objective is to lift the reproductive standards of Filipinos by promoting respect for life, informed choice, birth spacing and responsible parenthood which is accordance with the human rights standards. It also guarantees access to medically-safe, legal and quality reproductive health care services and relevant information. Although it has promising merits, I do not support the bill because of some of its faulty assumptions. One is the assumption that overpopulation is the cause of poverty. In truth, there is really no relationship between overpopulation and poverty but RH bill still insists that it is the cause of the worsening poverty in our country. It is true that it is one of the factors but it is never the root cause of poverty. What is the primary cause of poverty are the corruption and the bad governance of the administration. In fact, we are one of the most corrupt countries in Southeast Asia. Another assumption is that Philippines is overpopulated. In reality, there is no overpopulation in our country. It is true that our cities are densely populated but in some parts of our country, there are small numbers of people and some are still uninhabited. One more problem in the bill is the belief that contraceptives will prevent abortion and sexually transmitted diseases. We should not entrust our safety to the use of these contraceptives in the prevention of STDs because according to some studies, there is no proof that condoms, for example, is effective in preventing STDs. In the case of abortions, it did not really lessen the incidents. According to a study in Spain, a 10-year period of an increasing use of contraceptive devises had been paralleled by a significantly increasing number of abortions. Though it is already a law, I hope that it can still be corrected so that it can truly uplift the standards of living of the Filipino people and be the solution to lessen the country’s underemployment and booming population.

Importance of art Essay

Why is art important? This is a question many parents ask themselves when they are enrolling their child in school. â€Å"Arts education does solve problems. Years of research show that it is closely linked to almost everything that we as a nation say we want for our children and demand from our schools: academic achievement, social and emotional development, civic engagement, and equitable opportunity† (Smith). It is a proven fact that children involved in art make higher grades than children that are not involved. Exposure to the arts provides many important advantages because it affects the growth and progress of children and benefits children in many learning environments. Art is important to children in their developmental years because they are able to express themselves. You should start teaching art as early as possible. It also improves their learning process. Art makes children look forward to learning. Schools that have art programs usually have higher attendance. That is because students get excited about that art class and want to go to school and participate instead of their parents making them go to school. If there was no art in school, there would be more children dropping out and getting themselves in trouble. In some Dallas schools, they had budget cuts and had to cut some subjects and art was among those things. Many people worked to get art put back in some of those schools. Those people know how important art is and did their best to get it back for the children. Now the children are getting about forty five minutes a week of an art class of some sort. If a child starts in kindergarten, they will learn how to be confident, how to concentrate and focus, and also how to interact with people. Some children are shy and by participating they will learn how to do all of those things. Russell Granet stated, â€Å"When I grew up, it was standard to have a music teacher and a visual arts teacher, and you almost always did a school musical†. If a child starts in kindergarten, they will learn how to be confident, how to concentrate and focus, and also how to interact with people. Some children are shy and by participating they will learn how to do all of those things. Russell Granet stated, â€Å"When I grew up, it was standard to have a music teacher and a visual arts teacher, and you almost always did a school musical†. Schools that went without art classes suffered greatly. For example some schools in New York were doing budget cuts and decided to cut most of their art classes and their student graduation rate wasn’t as high. Once the art classes were put back in progress, the graduation rate went back up. Russell Granet stated â€Å"There was a study asking graduates what they remembered most about kindergarten through twelfth grade, more than fifty percent said it was an arts experience†. People rarely think of arts education as survival skills. Ken Jarboe stated, â€Å"All these skills observing, envisioning, innovating through exploration, and reflective self- evaluation is exactly what is needed†. In this quotation, Jarboe is saying art gives you all kinds of skills used to be successful. Russell Granet stated, â€Å"I worked on a program that brought arts back into the curriculum at New York City middle schools. We worked at a school in Bed- Stuy, when I first went there; I walked the halls and didn’t feel safe. The school had low attendance, low test scores; morale was low. Within three years, it was a different place†. In this quotation, Granet is saying he knew the best way to get that school back on its feet was to work his hardest and get art put back in that school. Arts education has a measurable impact on at-risk youth in preventing delinquent behavior and absence problems while also increasing overall academic performance among those youth engaged in after school and summer arts programs targeted toward delinquency prevention. Ken Jarboe stated, â€Å"There is a good reason to teach art in schools, and it is not the one that art supporters tend to fall back on. Arts education is becoming as important as standardized test†. In this quotation Jarboe is saying it is a good reason to teach art in schools and art is as important as a standardized test. Some Reasons to take art in high school are to do something different and to do something challenging. An additional reason is a student might find a hidden talent. â€Å"Explaining the benefits of art children experiences a sense of freedom while learning† (Srivastava). While in art children, feel like they have the freedom to draw whatever and express themselves. For preschool children, art benefits them in drawing, sculpting and other visual arts. It also helps in memorizing things such as a story or song. Programs in art education can potentially help students to excel in other academic areas, particularly in reading and math. About ninety-three percent of Americans believe that art is vital in providing an artistic outlet for children. About eighty-six percent of Americans â€Å"agree an arts education encourages and assists in the improvement of a child’s attitude toward school† (Ruppert 5). About eighty-three percent of Americans believe that arts education helps teach children how to communicate. About seventy-nine percent of Americans â€Å"agree incorporating the arts into education is the first step in adding back what’s missing in public education today† (Ruppert 5). Another seventy-nine percent of Americans believe â€Å"it is important enough for them to get involved in the amount and quality of arts education† (Ruppert 5). About fifty-four percent of Americans rate the importance of art a ten on a scale from one to ten (Ruppert 5). Participating in art activities help children in understanding human experiences, adapting to and respecting others ways of thinking and ideas. Art class feels like a safe haven from the outside world, a place for them to really get in touch with themselves and healthily express their pain and frustration. It also provides structure for activities outside of school such as family activities. The families not only learn more about art but also learn how to get along with each other because some families do not and the only time that child is happy is when they are at school away from that family. For a young person’s growth and development, being educated in art is considered to be important. Art stimulates and develops a child’s imagination. Creating art projects is a way to stimulate a child’s imagination. For example, giving a child Legos and letting them build whatever they want. It also has a tremendous impact in teaching life skills. Some benefits arts education provides are it develops problem-solving skills, heightens self-esteem, allows for expression and creativity, improves academic performance, improves visual discrimination skills, improves concentration, and improves social skills. Another benefit is hand-eye coordination. For example, holding a narrow paint brush and cutting with scissors. Another benefit of art a person acquires is expresses a deeper understanding of culture and history. Like what was said before art helps with memorizing things and that helps in memorizing different dates in history. If a student misses a math class, he or she would be missing out on some important information for that day and will be behind for a while. The same goes for art. The skills learned in art cannot be learned anywhere else. Art benefits the brain by teaching it to think outside the box. It helps children understand concepts easier. Art education teaches life skills such as learning to solve problems and make decisions. It also nurtures important values. Art improves cognitive abilities and provides individuals with the ability to enjoy the life encouraging desires of making art. Other benefits art offers are team-building skills, respecting different perspectives and being aware of diverse beliefs and backgrounds. In art classes, a student will have to learn how to work together asking for help, or even having to work on a drawing together. If a student does have to work with another person on a painting or drawing a student will have to listen to that person’s ideas and if both of them have different viewpoints on something, each will have to respect that person’s viewpoints and vise versa. The same goes for being aware of different cultures and traditions. The arts also add to the education of young children by helping them realize the extent of human experience, see the diverse ways humans express feelings and convey meaning, and improve delicate and complex forms of thinking. Some people may paint or draw when they are feeling down or hurt. Art also helps children how to concentrate and focus while they are doing different things such as studying or trying to memorize something word for word. With that being said it helps you to gain more knowledge when it comes to your school subjects because you are learning how to concentrate. Some people were not able to be in any art classes when they were in school so they learn about art when their child comes home and tells them about it. The child is so excited about a drawing they drew or a painting they painted and they want to show their parents. The parents see how happy and excited their child is and wants to continue to have their child in that specific art class because they see their cheerfulness. â€Å"Attendance is higher in schools with art programs† (Granet) and this is why. It is a proven fact that when an art of some sort is combined with a core subject students seem to learn it better than not having that art included in that lesson. For example if a student is in a Spanish class learning new words and the Spanish teacher adds a fun activity to help the students learn those specific words. For instance, if the students are learning how to say different types of clothing the teacher could have an activity where the students are participating in a fashion show and while one student is walking down the runway the students that are watching is writing down what they are wearing and that is a way for those students to learn and it makes it fun for them. In conclusion participating in arts education in your school years is extremely important because you learn valuable skills. A person learns skills used for everyday life such as having self-esteem, problem-solving skills, and teaches a person to be creative. Also most Americans believe art in school is important because it teaches a child how to communicate with another person and in today’s society if you don’t know how to talk to someone or talk in front of someone and not be nervous that person is going to have a hard time trying to get a job. Also most people believe art in school prevents students to interact in bad behavior.

Temperature, Light Intensity, and Photosynthesis essays

Temperature, Light Intensity, and Photosynthesis essays This experiment gives an insightful look into the effects temperature, and light intensity has on the rate of photosynthesis of a C3 plant. An experiment carried out to measure this proved wrong the general scientific believe that rate of photosynthesis of C3 plants is faster when closer to source of light and at room temperature, but concurs with the notion that photosynthesis occurred slower when the plant is farther away from source of light, and when at a high, or low temperature. Since it was noted that the inability of the experiment to fully support the general scientific notion might be due to some error or irregular changes in the experimental procedure, further experiment to fully support the hypothesis was proposed. This work also noted the relevance of photosynthesis in human's daily life. The impact of temperature and light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis cannot be overlooked in the field of science. It is believed that temperature exerts a great impact in plants life. According to Herbert (2006), "it is the abiotic factor that most influences the geographical distribution of plants and their seasonal patterns of growth" (Pg. 1). Also, chlorophyll A It is also noted that the structure of spinach leaf, which is a C3 plant, "allows gases to be stored in the air sacs that are created by the spongy mesophyll layer of cells" (Dalton, 2010, Pg. 254) A research carried out earlier by Govindjee et al (2008) shows that "the enzyme rubisco (RuBp) that incorporates CO2 to fix carbon also...

Vancouver Aquarium Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Vancouver Aquarium - Essay Example The about 9,000 square meters aquarium has different galleries for its (Vancouver Aquarium, 2014). Officially referred to as the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre, this public aquarium is renowned for marine animal rehabilitation, conservation and research. It is credited for being among the first facilities that incorporated professionalism in its galleries for the interpretation of animal behaviors. Vancouver Aquarium is open to visitors all year round. Tourists from around the world tour the facility to see the aquatic life. Other than tourists, the aquarium has been a key attraction site for environmentalists seeking to study the aquatic life. In 2009, the US Environmental Protection Agency designated Vancouver Aquarium as its coastal learning center, aimed at strengthening the US/Canadian partnership in restoring and also protecting the shared ocean resources. According to the Vancouver Aquarium (2014), since the inception of the aquarium in 1956, over 35 million visitors have been to the aquarium. The City of Vancouver, which owns Vancouver Aquarium, rents it out for $40,000 per year. This public aquarium is self-supporting and non-profit making as indicated in its mission statement (Vancouver Aquarium, 2014). Retail operations, food services, membership, admissions and various community programs contribute to about 81% of Vancouver Aquarium’s operating budget. The facility draws the remainder of its financing from donations, charitable contributions, and restricted grants. For instance, in 2010, Premier Gordon Campbell and Prime Minister Stephen Harper together donated $15 million for the expansion of the facility and upgrade of its infrastructure. In 2012, its lead community partner, Teck, donated $12 million to the facility.

Promotion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Promotion - Research Paper Example According to present company management, it is essential to have a unique selling price market promotion to ensure that the company has a difference with the rest. Promotion is inclusive in marketing and is believed to play the part of a marketing investment that is excessively essential in businesses (Gordob, 2010). Over the years, phone manufacturers have had to deal with wireless carriers so that they can have adequate access to their networks. This is the reason most phone companies have their prices dictated by the same carriers mentioned above. High pricing caused people to find other services that can be used in place of the phones. As the struggle went on, different manufacturers, Verizon included, have used the technological ideas currently flooding the markets and have come up with the models that have been used to end the struggle. According to latest statistics, world mobile users have greatly increased such that they have surpassed internet users. It has been stipulated that more than forty five million people use smartphones. Additionally, more cell phone producing companies have joined the markets hence the stiff competition for clients. However, statistics show that Verizon has acquired success in the markets through the various promotions done continually. The fact that almost everyone owns a phone can be attributed to the high quality advertising strategies in the present world (Newton, 2009). This increase in the numbers of the mobile users has offered promoters hope that the market will soon become phenomenal. In the act of promoting mobile phones, it is essential to understand that most people typically are attached to them. For this reason, the more features a mobile phone offers the better and the more its promotion will result to the company’s prospected success. Verizon has conducted enough research on characterized customer satisfaction, customer research, and products use, but seem to have forgotten to question directly from th e customer of their expectations. This is the reason there models seem to have similar applications despite the diverse shapes of the cell phone bodies. The Verizon promoters need to realize that their aim is to satisfy the needs of their customers as they make extremely large amounts of money. In my opinion, the customers’ demands have not yet been reached despite having new models of phones in the market (Saulimen, 2011). Verizon Company has also realized this and is tirelessly trying to incorporate the client’s wishes in their newest models. This is since most individuals attempt keeping their phones with them and can aspire to have the phones assist them in doing almost all of their activities. Take for instance, the Verizon’s smart phones that have greatly broken into the market. They have a lot of applications favoring some people in the community but for those who would like to use programs, they cannot do it via their phones. A company that can break int o the market with such a marketable plan can greatly make profits as well as offer mobile phones with some programs. As stated above, technology improvements have caused great changes in the mobile phone market. For instance, the types of phone currently produced are technologically advanced although not to the expected standards. All companies dealing with the production of mobile phones seem to use

Concert Report Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Concert Report - Personal Statement Example Throughout this movement, imitative polyphony was the predominant texture as the melody created in the woodwinds was echoed by various other instruments especially the periodic feedbacks of the electric guitar played like a raw rock star by Kirk Hammet. The two songs played by the band were Nothing Else Matters and the most famous of their all, Master of Puppets. Through the experience of hearing these two very different works, I was able to comprehend the talents of the musicians. The very first performance by the one of the most famous band rouse a feeling of eagerness in the audience to listen more of their songs in the Apollo, but they left with striking sounds. (Wikipedia. /Metallica) The night could not have been made more rocking and entertaining once the heart throb of millions and my personal favorite of all female singers Madonna came to festoon the night. Smoke machines, lasers and all kinds of components which contribute collectively in producing a psychedelic show. She started her reign on stage with her all time favorite track Ray of Light followed by Hard Candy, Me against the Music and Miles Away. This portion was characterized by its dark and somber tone. The absence of the drums heard earlier left a weak beat and a suppressed meter. (Wikipedia. Madoona)

Subculture III Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Subculture III - Essay Example Heroes Camp has been such a subculture that has considerable influence upon the lives of the deprived children of the South Bend region of Indiana. The management and the officials of the Heroes Camp have been crucial for the purpose of enlightenment of the mind, body, and soul of those children and transform their lives for the greater good of the God and society. Heroes Camp has been an influential subculture for the ‘at – risk’ youth of the region of South Bend of Indiana. The most important aspect of this subculture has been that it has been helping the members to get involved in the long-term relationship of love and mutual respect. The present facility of the Heroes Camp has an area of more than 20,000 square feet of area that includes the food bank, at least three basketball courts, kitchen, offices and the laundry area. The further description of the Heroes Camp suggests it to be a, â€Å"an organization that trains youth with activities that offer hope, life skills, and loving relationships. This outreach has an extraordinary component that specializes in servicing the overlooked and disadvantaged youth who are challenged by lives circumstances. Heroes Camp purposes to provide a solid foundation for the progressive development of spirit, soul, and body with an end goal of holistic growth so that youth have the oppo rtunity to build stable productive lives and become leaders†. The most important factor for the success and the prosperity of the sub – culture (Heroes Camp) has been the highly experienced and influential management. The ministry is headed by Pat Magley and B J Magley, the co-founders and the directors. The organization was founded by them in 1989 and Pat has been working full – time for the ministry since 1990 as he left his job with Berkheimer.

The South Park Research Paper Film Studies Essay

The South Park Research Paper Film Studies Essay Two gentlemen, Trey Parker and Matt Stone, created the television-hit series South Park. Trey and Matt started their journey in two completely separate ways that eventually brought them together.. In this paper I am going to give a brief biography of both men, provide a brief history about South Park, provide information on copyright and fair use, talk about different copyright infringement cases against South Park and talk about some of the animosity that exists towards the creators of South Park. Randolph Severn Parker III also known as Trey Parker, was born on October 19, 1969 in Conifer, Colorado. Parker is the younger of two children of Randy II and Sharon Parker. Growing up Parker attended West Jefferson Junior High and Evergreen High School. It was there that he learned that he had a funny side to him because he was voted the class clown. According to treyparker.info/biography, in high school he made an album with pal David Goodman titled Immature: A Collection of Love Ballads for the 80s Man which showcased his humor as well as his musical talent (Shpadoinkle, 2011). After graduation Parker attended the Berklee College of Music in Boston. He transfered to the University of Colorado at Boulder where he majored in music but also took classes to learn more about the film process(Shpadoinkle, 2011). It was here at the University of Colorado where he met Matt Stone (Shpadoinkle, 2011; Comedy Central, 2012). Unfortunately Parker was kicked out of school because he was missing too many classes due to a film he began shooting over spring break in 1993 called Alfred Packer, the Musical. In 1996 the musical changed names to Cannibal! The Musical due to the desires of Troma, a company that picked the film up for distribution. Parker created many animated shorts before he moved to LA to pursue a career with South Park, which helped him get to where he is today After being expelled Parker decided to move to Los Angeles, California to pursue his career with the show South Park where he and Stone are now working on the 16th season of the show. At this time Parker still resided in Los Angeles (Shpadoinkle, 2011; Comedy Central, 2012). Matthew Richard Stone, was born on May 26, 1971 in Houston, Texas. Stone and his family moved to a town in Colorado called Littleton. It was here in Littleton where he attended Heritage High School. After high school Stone attended the University of Colorado at Boulder where he majored in math. Math wasnt his only interest; he also had an interest in filmmaking, which is how he met Parker. Stone and Parker hit it off right away and put their minds together to create a series of crudely animated cartoons. After Stone completed college he moved to Venice, California to pursue his career with the show South Park (Fandango, 2012; Starpulse, 2012; Comedy Central, 2012). Parker and Stone immediately hit if off in college because of their love of film. While there they created two animated shorts together called American History which won a student academy award and The Spirit of Christmas: Frosty vs. Jesus which is where some of the characters from South Park originated. Parker and Stone contacted Comedy Central about creating a show based off of the animated characters they created together in college. Comedy Central decided to pick the show South Park up. South Park made its debut on August 13, 1997 and even though it did not do well with the viewers, Comedy Central decided to air six episodes. The town of South Park is based off of a mountain town of Fairplay, Colorado close to where Stone lived during his childhood. In the summer of 1999 Parker and Stone released a feature length film called South Park: Bigger, Longer Uncut, which was a musical. One of the songs in the musical was called Blame Canada, which was nominated for best song at the Academy Awards (Fandango, 2012; Starpulse, 2012; Comedy Central, 2012). In 2000, Comedy Central negotiated a new contract that allowed South Park to air three more seasons. Then again in 2003 there was a negotiation for a 9th and possible 10th season depending on ratings. This process just kept repeating every year until 2012 where South Park was given their 16th season contract. They got this far because the show grew to be the highest rated original series in the networks history (Shpadoinkle, 2011; Comedy Central, 2012). South Park is a comedy-animated series created by Stone and Parker. Distributed by and airing on Comedy Central and its current owner, Viacom, since 1997, South Park follows the surreal adventures of four young boys who live in the small town of South Park, Colorado. South Park satirizes many aspects of American culture and current events, and challenges deep-set convictions and taboos, usually using parody and black humor (Jingle Bell Lyrics, 2020). South Park got its start in 1991 when Parker and Stone, then film students at the University of Colorado, created their animated short called Jesus vs. Frosty (also known as The Spirit of Christmas). The crudely made film featured prototypical versions of the kids of South Park, including a character resembling Cartman but called Kenny, bringing a murderous snowman to life with a magic hat. The baby Jesus then saves the day by decapitating the monster with a halo (Jingle Bell Lyrics, 2020). The characters and backgrounds of South Park ar e made to appear deliberately crude, as if they are simply made of cut out pieces of paper. Paper cutouts were indeed used in the original pilot Parker/Stone animation and in the very first Comedy Central episode, but every subsequent episode aired on TV has been produced by computer animation that provides the same crude look (Jingle Bell Lyrics, 2020). Now in its 16th season, South Park continues to surprise even its most devoted fans each and every week. Known for its unbelievably immediate and ruthless responses to world events, South Parks new episodes bring up-to-the-minute news and pop culture icons (including Al Gore, J. Lo, Oprah, Sir Elton John, Tom Cruise, John Travolta, and P. Diddy) to the town of South Park for social commentary and good old-fashioned ridicule (Comedy Central, 2012). Since I am going to be talking about two different copyright cases against the creators of South Park, I thought it would be a good idea to give a little bit of background information about the current copyright and fair use laws. Copyright is contained in Article One, Section 8 of the Unites States Constitution. Our current copyright law is called the Copyright Act of 1976. Even though it was written in 1976 the law did not go into effect until January 1, 1978 (Bieber Notes Copyright Basics, 2012). Copyright provides exclusive rights to copyright owners for a limited period of time. Our current copyright law provides ownership for works by individuals for as long as the person lives and then 70 years after their passing (Bieber Notes Copyright Basics, 2012). The copyright law also provides ownership for works created in a work for hire situation, which is when something is created by an employee of a company for their employer. This ownership is for 95 years after publication or 120 years after the creation (Bieber Notes Copyright Basics, 2012). Not everything can be can be copyrighted! Some types of things that cannot be copyrighted are: works not original works of authorship or not fixed in a tangible medium of expression, ideas, facts, titles, names, phrases, slogans, and works in public domain (Bieber Notes Copyright Basics, 2012). One thing to always remember about copyright is that copyright is a property right, meaning that it can be willed, sold or transferred to someone else just like a car (Bieber Notes Copyright Basics, 2012). One final thing to remember about copyright is that, you dont have to register your work but, if you do it will protect you in case there is an infringement lawsuit brought against you or if you need to bring one on against someone else (Bieber Notes Copyright Basics, 2012). Fair Use is contained in Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976 (Bieber Notes Fair Use, 2012). The definition states The fair use of a copyrighted workfor purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use) scholarship or research is not an infringement on copyright (Bieber Notes Fair Use, 2012). One thing that must always be remembered is that even if a use may fall into one of these six categories there are other criteria that must be considered as well. The four things that must be considered are the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount and substantially of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole and the effect of the use on the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work (Bieber Notes Fair Use, 2012). When looking at a copyright infringement case, copyright and fair use are the biggest topics that they look at. Stone and Parker have been in trouble many times when it comes to copyright infringement. Their most recent case has to do with a character call the Lollipop King. Exavier Wardlaw claims that they stole his ideas from his creation, the Lollipop Forest (Orfanides, 2012). On October 15, 2012 when Wardlaw made this claim, TMZ reported that his show was ripped off by the South Park guys and that his wholesome family show was completely ruined and that neither Parker nor Stone asked for his permission to use the character (Orfanides, 2012). TMZ reported that, according to the suit, filed in federal court in Philadelphia, Exavier is suing for copyright infringement and is demanding that South Park remove all traces of the Lollipop King from the Imagination land trilogy (Orfanides, 2012). Wardlaw is taking this matter very seriously. The creators of South Park should know that this is not a laughing matter. This case is still currently in process and the trial hasnt happened yet so I cant s ay what the outcome is yet. The Lollipop King lawsuit isnt the only lawsuit against Parker and Stone recently. This next case involves the episode called Canada On Strike that aired on Comedy Central in 2008. According to eef.org, the episode deals with strike, viral videos, and internet fame. In the episode, the nation of Canada goes on strike, demanding a share of the internet money they believe is being generated by viral videos and other online content (Brownmark Films v. Comedy Partners, 2012). The boys Stan, Kyle, Carman, and Butters come up with an idea to create a viral video to see if they could raise enough internet money to get the Canadians to stop striking. The boys create a video, What What (In The Butt), (WWITB) in which Butters sings a paean to anal sex (Brownmark Films v. Comedy Partners, 2012). The video was taken from an actual video that Brownmark Films owns the copyright to of an adult male singing and dancing in tight pants(Brownmark Films v. Comedy Partners, 2012). The South Park version recreates a large portion of the original version, using the same angles, framing, dance moves and visual elements (Brownmark Films v. Comedy Partners, 2012). The biggest difference is that the video is starring Butters who is nine years old and at different points in the video is dressed up in 3 different costumes. Brownmark Films, the copyright right holder, is suing South Park Digital Studio (SPDS) for copyright infringement under the Copyright Act of 1976. Brownmark Films did in fact reference both videos but did not attach either work to the complaint (Brownmark Films v. Comedy Partners, 2012). SPDS responded back right away claiming that the South Park version of the video was clearly fair use under section 107. SPDS attached the works of both videos and moved for dismissal. Brownmark Films response was that the court could not consider this to be fair use. After Brownmark Films and SPDS went back and forth a couple of times the district court finally came to a ruling. The district court concluded that one only needs to take a fleeting glance at the South Park episode to determine that its use of the WWITB video is meant to lampoon the recent craze in our society of watching video clips on the internetof rather low artistic sophistication and quality in other words fair use (Brownmark Films v. Comedy Partners, 2012). The court granted SPDSs motion to dismiss based on the fair use affirmative defense. The ruling was affirmed. Things like this have happened to Parker and Stone multiple times and so far they have been able to get out of trouble. They just take their chances and deal with whatever comes their way. There is also a lot of hatred toward the South Park creators, Parker and Stone. The hatred started because in the 200th episode of South Park, which was broadcast in April 2010, a proposal to bring the Prophet Mohamed to town is met with short shrift at a community meeting. Are you nuts? one character says. If Mohamed appears in South Park we get bombed! We dont know that, another replies. Maybe enough time has passed that now its OK to show Mohamed(The Independent, 2012). South Park is a show that is very cruel and doesnt care about what some people are going to think or who is going to take offence to what they say or show. In February, Zachary Adam Chesser, 21, who admitted to posting online threats, was sentenced to 25 years in prison (CNN, 2011). Chesser who converted over to Muslim, encouraged violent jihadists to attack the South Park writers for an episode that depicted the Prophet Mohammed in a bear suit (CNN, 2011). The warning was posted on the New York-based website Revolution Muslim. In an article that suggested that Parker and Stone would probably wind up like Theo Van Gogh for airing this show, a writer calling himself Abu Talhah al-Amrikee (The Independent, 2012). Theo van Gogh, who was a Dutch filmmaker, was stabbed to death on a street in Amsterdam, Netherlands, by an Islamic extremist in 2004. He became the target of radical Muslims after releasing a short film about oppression of Islamic women in Europe (CNN, 2011). Chesser took this attack one step further and going as far as posting messages online with the addresses of where Parker and Stone lived and urged the readers to pay them a visit (CNN, 2011). Not only was Chesser charged but Jesse Curtis Morton who is a resident of Brooklyn, New York, is the second person charged in the South Park Case. Morton also was not Muslim but, decided to convert to Islam. Morton is one of the co-founders of the Revolution Muslims 2008, which is where Chesser posted these threatening messages (CNN, 2011). This ultimately is how Morton and Chesser met each other and become friends and grew hatred toward Parker and Stone. In conclusion, after doing this paper I have learned so much more about the show South Park as well as the creators, Trey Parker and Matt Stone. There are many things, like the two most recent court cases including the What What (In The Butt) video, as well as the Lollipop King case that I didnt know even existed. I love watching the show but I truly had no clue that the creators had this much trouble every time they aired a show. The two cases are not the only cases that were brought against the creators. There are other cases as well that I did not mention in my paper. I think that the creators should probable ask different people before using them in their show, or in the Muslim case, maybe they should of asked the commander of Islam if they could make a show about the Prophet Mohammed. Copyright is a big issue, not just with South Park, but with a bunch of television shows out there. Remember, if you dont know what you are signing or you dont understand something in your contract , or even if you want to use something and you are not sure if you can, hire a layer!

Human is a fallen God who remembers Heaven :: Personal Narrative Writing

Human is a fallen God who remembers Heaven "Rafal, why don't you participate in the contest that I was talking about. I think you have a chance to win" my teacher proposed. When I was in fifth grade in elementary school I had my first chance to participate in an art contest. The name of the contest was "spring," so kids had to draw or paint a picture that represents the landscape in the spring season. In school there were many kids who could draw and paint well. My friend Marcin really made better pictures then I did, so when I went home from school I didn't have enough faith to even try. I didn’t do anything about that whole day. The next day, I told my teacher that I was not going to participate because I did not feel like I had a chance to win. At the end of the class, the teacher asked me to wait because she had something for me. That day I was really surprised; she gave me brand new paint and a couple of brushes from the school supplies and told me that I could borrow these tools to do the artwork for the contest. She also added that if I won I could keep these. She really empowered me to participate, and I realized that I had nothing to lose. Running, I took the shortest way home. I just couldn't wait to get to my room and open the jars of paint. It wasn't difficult that I thought it would be. I really enjoyed painting and that was actually my first time I painted something. It seemed like I was painting before. The idea of the design came fast; I visualized one of the artworks that hung on the wall in our art classroom. I don't remember the name of the artist, but the well-composed picture showed trees and a river in bright and natural colors. So, I tried to do a similar painting. My idea was to make the river flow from one side of the paper to the other, with trees in front of the river and behind, and I added a house in the middle. It took me almost the whole afternoon and evening to finish this artwork and no one helped me. That was one of the happiest days of my life. I was very surprised what I had done.

Organizational Culture of Virgin Group Essay

1. Describe the culture of Virgin group by seven dimension of organization culture. Organizational culture has been described as the shared values, principles, traditions, and ways of doing things that influence the way organizational members act. Actually, it can divided seven dimension of organizational culture which are attention to detail, outcome orientation, people orientation, team orientation, aggressiveness, stability and innovation and risk taking, and now I will use these seven dimensions to describe the culture of virgin. The first dimension used in this culture of virgin is attention to detail. It is the degree to which employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis, and attention to detail. It is such a culture gives a competitive advantage to companies by helping them differentiate themselves from others. Like this article, the virgin airline has a lot of competitors like 747airline. They provide heterogeneous products and the virgin airline put their selling point to their services that their crews are smiling, cheerful and pleased to help, let the passengers wanting to fly with them again. Also, the virgin America sweeps the travel awards for service and quality. Although their planes are new, with great interiors and entertainment, the great service of its crews is what wins so many plaudits. Furthermore, they employ a general manager in the Caribbean. He tried to change the way things were done, discouraged the staff from drinking their guests that reducing the staff morale. As he didn’t get the degree on attention to detail, then he was being replacement. The second dimension in this culture is people orientation. It is the degree to which management decisions take into account the effects on people in the organization. It emphases on individual rights and expectation of treating people with respect and dignity. In this article, when the author was running Virgin Records, a member of the talent-scouting team was stealing and selling boxes of records to local secondhand shops. But he didn’t fire the staff and just gave him a severe warning and a second chance. He expected the staff to learn from his mistake and get back to doing his job. As the experience of the author that he fell foul of the customs and excise people as trying to bring records into the UK. He was given a fine, a second chance and have tried to make the most of it ever since. This has made him much more accepting and forgiving of people’s mistakes. Also, the virgin airline treats their staff as family units and makes them feel that their company is their second home. They will hold parties in the weekend, make sure all the staff can participate the parties and help them build the relationship between staff and manager. That is how the virgin airline treating their staff. The third dimension in this culture is team orientation. It is a degree to which work is organized around teams rather than individuals. It is collaborative and emphases on cooperation among employees. In this article, the writer mentioned about how to be a good leader to lead people well. He said that a good leader must know the team, its strengths and weakness; socializing and listen to the team is the key of being a good leader. A good leader can led their teammate well, can motivate the staff morale and build the relationship between the team. He also said that a bad leader can destroy a business very quickly. As they employed a general manager in Caribbean who tried to change the way things were done. The manager discouraged the staff from drinking with guests that decreased the staff morale and broke the trust of management. So they replace the manager and restore the staff morale and the sense of management’s trust which had been broken. The fourth dimension in this culture is innovation and risk taking. It is the degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and take risk. Through this article, Brett Godfrey showed his business plan to the author, which outlining the start-up of a low-cost carrier in Australia to take on Qantas and Ansett in their domestic market. He has expanded Blue and its sister airline to the United States, New Zealand, Thailand and South Africa. The company give them brand support and the space to go build the new business themselves like Virgin Active. Also, Matthew Bucknall and Frank Reed had bought out some innovative idea like the idea of a family-friendly health and fitness club in 1999. These planning and ideas are innovative, but at the same time they need to take the risk on running the ideas and planning. In this article, we can find out four dimension of organizational culture. A top company must have strong organizational culture that employees are more loyal than weak organizational culture, creates a stronger employee commitment to the organization, and the strong organizational culture is associated with high organizational performance. Also, if the value of the culture is clear and widely accepted, employees can know what they are supposed to do and what expected to them, so they can act quickly to take care of problem. 2. How culture affect the manager? A culture usually reflects the vision of organization founder. They will articulate the vision of what they want the organization to be. The small size of most new organizations makes it easier to instill the vision with all organizational members. Also, organizational practices are also one of the impacts on culture. They can find out the information about the organization and determine the most suitable for organization through practices. The top management behavior has a major impact on culture too, that the action of top management can lead to undesirable outcomes. Organizational culture can divide into four types. They are open systems, human relation, internal process and rational goal. A culture will predominately affect the manger in four ways, which are controlling, leading, organizing and planning. In the leading of the management, the mangers are able to use democratic leadership style that allows employees participate in decision-making progress, but not only individuals in the open systems and human relation culture. Through these two types of culture, the mangers require visionary leadership, responsive behavior and also tend to be participative, considerate and supportive. Also, the mangers in rational goal culture are also able to use democratic leadership style and tend to be directive, goal oriented and functional. On the other hand, the mangers in the internal process culture will be more likely to use autocratic leadership style that they are tend to be conservative and caution. In the planning of the management, they will more likely to take the risk of the plan in open systems culture in the large extent, which this culture is emphasis on creativity and innovation that the employee will have some innovative idea when planning. In rational goal and human relation culture, the manger will take risk on planning in the small extent. But in the internal process culture, the manger are not willing to take the risk on planning, which their company are conservative and cautious. In the human relation and open system culture, they will likely develop the plan by team, but the mangers will likely develop the plan by individual in the rest of the cultures. In the controlling of managers, the control system will be more flexible in human relation and open systems culture, which likely allow employees to control their own action. But in the rest of the cultures, the control system will be inflexible that the managers need their employees follow their rules and procedures. In the open system culture, the manager may able to take the risk to produce the product if exceeding the budget. On the other hand, the manager in internal process culture will prefer cutting the cost or will not produce the product rather than taking the risk to release the product into the market. In the organizing of the mangers, their employees can have more autonomy in their jobs in the human relation and open system culture, but less autonomy of employees in the rest of the cultures. Through the rational goal and internal process culture, they will be able done their task by individual rather than team. On the other hand, in human relation and open system, they will prefer to finish the task by team compare to individual and their manager will be likely being decentralization, that increase the decision-making authority of employees, but the rest of culture not. A culture will affect the mangers what they can or cannot do and how they manage. A good manger should know the culture of their companies deeply, that can help them to know what to do and not do and identify their role on managing a team or company.